Abdominal obesity is associated closely with insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Waist circumference (WC) is a useful surrogate marker commonly used for abdominal adiposity. The determination of WC cutoff levels is important in the prevention and treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and related cardiovascular diseases. Recent epidemiological evidence suggested that appropriate optimal cutoffs for Koreans ranged over 80 to 89.8 cm in males and 76.1 to 86.5 cm in females. We analyzed the data from two large cohorts using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with the incidences of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarct, angina, coronary artery disease, and multiple metabolic risk factors as outcome variables. Optimal WC cutoff points for Koreans were 85 cm in males and 80 cm in females. However, considering the prevalence of abdominal obesity and the health costs for its prevention and management, 90 cm in males and 85 cm in females are probably more appropriate thresholds for abdominal obesity. These values may be modified once better research is performed through prospective studies using representative populations, common health outcomes, and proper analytical approaches.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• The prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in Thai older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Phatcharaphon Whaikid, Noppawan Piaseu
  International Journal of Nursing Sciences.2024; 11(1): 31.     CrossRef
• Machine learning analysis for the association between breast feeding and metabolic syndrome in women
  Jue Seong Lee, Eun-Saem Choi, Hwasun Lee, Serhim Son, Kwang-Sig Lee, Ki Hoon Ahn
  Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association between waist circumference change after smoking cessation and incidence of hypertension in Korean adults
  H.J. Lee, J.W. Choi
  Public Health.2024; 229: 73.     CrossRef
• Surrogate indices of insulin resistance using the Matsuda index as reference in adult men—a computational approach
  Víctor Antonio Malagón-Soriano, Andres Julian Ledezma-Forero, Cristian Felipe Espinel-Pachon, Álvaro Javier Burgos-Cárdenas, Maria Fernanda Garces, Gustavo Eduardo Ortega-Ramírez, Roberto Franco-Vega, Jhon Jairo Peralta-Franco, Luis Miguel Maldonado-Acost
  Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Waist circumference and end‐stage renal disease based on glycaemic status: National Health Insurance Service data 2009–2018
  Yun Kyung Cho, Ji Hye Huh, Shinje Moon, Yoon Jung Kim, Yang‐Hyun Kim, Kyung‐do Han, Jun Goo Kang, Seong Jin Lee, Sung‐Hee Ihm
  Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2023; 14(1): 585.     CrossRef
• Simple anthropometric measures to predict visceral adipose tissue area in middle-aged Indonesian men
  Sahat Basana Romanti Ezer Matondang, Bennadi Adiandrian, Komang Shary Karismaputri, Cicilia Marcella, Joedo Prihartono, Dicky Levenus Tahapary, Yosuke Yamada
  PLOS ONE.2023; 18(1): e0280033.     CrossRef
• Sleep Quality in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome-Related Variables
  Hyejin Chun, Miae Doo
  Healthcare.2023; 11(10): 1492.     CrossRef
• Gender, Age and Clinical Characteristics of Older Adults with High-Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Assessed by the STOP-Bang Questionnaire
  Gyu Lee Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Jeong Gyu Lee, Yu Hyeon Yi, Young Jin Tak, Seung Hun Lee, Young Jin Ra, Sang Yeoup Lee, Young Hye Cho, Eun Ju Park, Youngin Lee, Jung In Choi, Sae Rom Lee, Ryuk Jun Kwon, Soo Min Son
  Korean Journal of Clinical Geriatrics.2023; 24(2): 72.     CrossRef
• Body Composition and Cardiovascular Risk: A Study of Polish Military Flying Personnel
  Agata Gaździńska, Stefan Gaździński, Paweł Jagielski, Paweł Kler
  Metabolites.2023; 13(10): 1102.     CrossRef
• Associated Factors with Changes of Metabolic Abnormalities among General Population in COVID-19 Pandemic
  Eunjoo Kwon, Eun-Hee Nah, Suyoung Kim, Seon Cho, Hyeran Park
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2023; 23(2): 55.     CrossRef
• Effects of Pharmacoacupuncture for Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Seyun Kim, Mi-Yeon Song, Won-Seok Chung, Hyungsuk Kim, Woo-Chul Shin, Junhyuk Kang, Joonwon Seo, Sangwoo Seo, Seung Ho Yu, Jung-Hyun Lim, Su-Hwan Ji, Jae-Heung Cho
  Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research.2023; 23(2): 112.     CrossRef
• Associations Between Elevated Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Sarcopenia Among Community-dwelling Older Adults
  Miji Kim, Jeremy D Walston, Chang Won Won, Anne B Newman
  The Journals of Gerontology: Series A.2022; 77(4): 770.     CrossRef
• The association of obesity with thyroid carcinoma risk
  Xiao‐Ni Ma, Cheng‐Xu Ma, Li‐Jie Hou, Song‐Bo Fu
  Cancer Medicine.2022; 11(4): 1136.     CrossRef
• A Longitudinal Retrospective Observational Study on Obesity Indicators and the Risk of Impaired Fasting Glucose in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
  Myung Ji Nam, Hyunjin Kim, Yeon Joo Choi, Kyung-Hwan Cho, Seon Mee Kim, Yong-Kyun Roh, Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Yong-Gyu Park, Joo-Hyun Park, Do-Hoon Kim
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(10): 2795.     CrossRef
• Association of Metabolic Health and Central Obesity with the Risk of Thyroid Cancer: Data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
  Dung N. Nguyen, Jin Hee Kim, Mi Kyung Kim
  Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.2022; 31(3): 543.     CrossRef
• Interaction of polygenic variants specific for abdominal obesity risk with energy metabolism in large Korean cohorts
  Sunmin Park
  Nutrition Bulletin.2022; 47(3): 307.     CrossRef
• Effects of Oral Health Behavior and Mental Health on Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults
  Jin-Ah Jung, Hye-Won Cheon, Sang-Eun Moon, Sun-Hwa Hong
  Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2022; 22(2): 90.     CrossRef
• Relation of Dietary n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acid Intakes to Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged People Depending on the Level of HbA1c: A Review of National Health and Nutrition Survey Data from 2014 to 2016
  Seo-Woo Park, Do-Yeong Kim, Gyeong-Tae Bak, Dae-Sung Hyun, Sung-Kyung Kim
  Medicina.2022; 58(8): 1017.     CrossRef
• Synergistic Interaction between Hyperuricemia and Abdominal Obesity as a Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome Components in Korean Population
  Min Jin Lee, Ah Reum Khang, Yang Ho Kang, Mi Sook Yun, Dongwon Yi
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(5): 756.     CrossRef
• Risk of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Subjects with Prediabetes Overlapping Metabolic Syndrome
  Seol A Jang, Kyoung Min Kim, Seok Won Park, Chul Sik Kim
  Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2022; 20(10): 599.     CrossRef
• Association of high body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage with sarcopenia in older women
  Myung Chul Yoo, Chang Won Won, Yunsoo Soh
  BMC Geriatrics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Relationship between low skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenic obesity and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in Korean adults
  Jee Hee Yoo, Sung Woon Park, Ji Eun Jun, Sang‐Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Moon‐Kyu Lee, Mira Kang, Gyuri Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
  Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association of Early-Life Mental Health With Biomarkers in Midlife and Premature Mortality
  George B. Ploubidis, G. David Batty, Praveetha Patalay, David Bann, Alissa Goodman
  JAMA Psychiatry.2021; 78(1): 38.     CrossRef
• A clinical evaluation of noninvasive and contactless radiofrequency technique in the treatment of abdominal fat
  Jie Qin, Meng‐er Guo, Xue‐gang Xu, Chao Zhang, Cheng‐qian Yu, Yuan‐hong Li, Hong‐duo Chen
  Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology.2021; 20(9): 2765.     CrossRef
• Exercise training and burdock root (Arctium lappa L.) extract independently improve abdominal obesity and sex hormones in elderly women with metabolic syndrome
  Min-Seong Ha, Jang Soo Yook, Minchul Lee, Kazuya Suwabe, Woo-Min Jeong, Jae-Jun Kwak, Hideaki Soya
  Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of body mass index and abdominal obesity on mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention: a nationwide, population-based study
  Woo-Hyuk Song, Eun Hui Bae, Jeong Cheon Ahn, Tae Ryom Oh, Yong-Hyun Kim, Jin Seok Kim, Sun-Won Kim, Soo Wan Kim, Kyung-Do Han, Sang-Yup Lim
  The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2021; 36(Suppl 1): S90.     CrossRef
• Individual and Synergistic Relationships of Low Muscle Mass and Low Muscle Function with Depressive Symptoms in Korean Older Adults
  Youngyun Jin, Seamon Kang, Hyunsik Kang
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(19): 10129.     CrossRef
• Association between Metabolic Syndrome and the Number of Remaining Teeth in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Using the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey
  Jeong-In Kim, Choong-Ho Choi, Ki-Ho Chung
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(20): 4759.     CrossRef
• No Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontitis in Korean Postmenopausal Women
  Jeong-In Kim, Choong-Ho Choi, Ki-Ho Chung
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(21): 11110.     CrossRef
• Relative Lean Body Mass and Waist Circumference for the Identification of Metabolic Syndrome in the Korean General Population
  Eunjoo Kwon, Eun-Hee Nah, Suyoung Kim, Seon Cho
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(24): 13186.     CrossRef
• SVM-based waist circumference estimation using Kinect
  Dasom Seo, Euncheol Kang, Yu-mi Kim, Sun-Young Kim, Il-Seok Oh, Min-Gul Kim
  Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine.2020; 191: 105418.     CrossRef
• Effects of abdominal obesity on the association between air pollution and kidney function
  Su-Min Jeong, Jin-Ho Park, Hyun-Jin Kim, Hyuktae Kwon, Seo Eun Hwang
  International Journal of Obesity.2020; 44(7): 1568.     CrossRef
• Effect of sarcopenic obesity on deterioration of physical function in the elderly
  Hyun Ho Kong, Chang Won Won, Won Kim
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2020; 89: 104065.     CrossRef
• Effects of low skeletal muscle mass and sarcopenic obesity on albuminuria: a 7-year longitudinal study
  Jee Hee Yoo, Gyuri Kim, Sung Woon Park, Min Sun Choi, Jiyeon Ahn, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Moon-Kyu Lee, Mira Kang, Jae Hyeon Kim
  Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef

• A Novel Indicator of Children’s Lipid Accumulation Product Associated with Impaired Fasting Glucose in Chinese Children and Adolescents

  
  Yongting Yuan, Hong Xie, Lili Sun, Bangxuan Wang, Li Zhang, Hui Han, Rongying Yao, Yehuan Sun, Lianguo Fu
  Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2020; Volume 13: 1653.     CrossRef
• The Association between the Ratio of Energy Intake to Basal Metabolic Rate and Physical Activity to Sarcopenia: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2008–2011)
  Yu Jin Cho, Mi Hee Cho, Bomi Han, Minji Park, Seolah Bak, Minseon Park
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(3): 167.     CrossRef
• Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity
  Robert Ross, Ian J. Neeland, Shizuya Yamashita, Iris Shai, Jaap Seidell, Paolo Magni, Raul D. Santos, Benoit Arsenault, Ada Cuevas, Frank B. Hu, Bruce A. Griffin, Alberto Zambon, Philip Barter, Jean-Charles Fruchart, Robert H. Eckel, Yuji Matsuzawa, Jean-
  Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2020; 16(3): 177.     CrossRef
• Lung function as a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes in community-dwelling adults: A longitudinal finding over 12 years from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
  J.H. Lee, H.S. Lee, Y.J. Lee
  Diabetes & Metabolism.2020; 46(5): 392.     CrossRef
• Sex- and age-specific effects of energy intake and physical activity on sarcopenia
  Yu Jin Cho, Youn-Hee Lim, Jae Moon Yun, Hyung-Jin Yoon, Minseon Park
  Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Protective effect of smoking cessation on subsequent myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke independent of weight gain: A nationwide cohort study
  Jung-Hwan Cho, Hye-Mi Kwon, Se-Eun Park, Jin-Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-Gyu Park, Yang-Hyun Kim, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee, Michael Cummings
  PLOS ONE.2020; 15(7): e0235276.     CrossRef
• Optimal Cutoff Values for Anthropometric Adiposity Measures of Sri Lankan Adult Women
  Nirmala Rathnayake, Gayani Alwis, Janaka Lenora, Sarath Lekamwasam
  Journal of Obesity.2020; 2020: 1.     CrossRef

• Differences in the Association Among the Vitamin D Concentration, Dietary Macronutrient Consumption, and Metabolic Syndrome Depending on Pre- and Postmenopausal Status in Korean Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

  
  Hyejin Chun, Gi Dae Kim, Miae Doo
  Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2020; Volume 13: 3601.     CrossRef
• Patterns of change in cardiovascular risks of Korean male workers: a 10-year cohort analysis using the National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) 2.0 database
  Hosihn Ryu, Jiyeon Jung, Jihyun Moon
  BMJ Open.2020; 10(11): e038446.     CrossRef
• Predictive Performance of Glycated Hemoglobin for Incident Diabetes Compared with Glucose Tolerance Test According to Central Obesity
  Suji Yoo, Jaehoon Jung, Hosu Kim, Kyoung Young Kim, Soo Kyoung Kim, Jungwha Jung, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Jong Ha Baek
  Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(4): 873.     CrossRef
• Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Lung Cancer: An Analysis of Korean National Health Insurance Corporation Database
  Sooim Sin, Chang-Hoon Lee, Sun Mi Choi, Kyung-Do Han, Jinwoo Lee
  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2020; 105(11): e4102.     CrossRef
• Association of body mass index with bladder cancer risk in men depends on abdominal obesity
  Jin Bong Choi, Jung Ho Kim, Sung-Hoo Hong, Kyung-Do Han, U-Syn Ha
  World Journal of Urology.2019; 37(11): 2393.     CrossRef
• Lower Leg Fat Depots Are Associated with Albuminuria Independently of Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Syndrome (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008 to 2011)
  Eugene Han, Nan Hee Cho, Mi Kyung Kim, Hye Soon Kim
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(4): 461.     CrossRef
• The Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke According to Waist Circumference in 21,749,261 Korean Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
  Jung-Hwan Cho, Eun-Jung Rhee, Se-Eun Park, Hyemi Kwon, Jin-Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-Gyu Park, Hye Soon Park, Yang-Hyun Kim, Soon-Jib Yoo, Won-Young Lee
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(2): 206.     CrossRef
• Association between Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Using Data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
  Mi Young Lee, Dae Sung Hyon, Ji Hye Huh, Hae Kyung Kim, Sul Ki Han, Jang Young Kim, Sang Baek Koh
  Endocrinology and Metabolism.2019; 34(4): 390.     CrossRef
• The Association between Obesity Phenotypes and Early Renal Function Decline in Adults without Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Diabetes
  Jung In Choi, Young Hye Cho, Sang Yeoup Lee, Dong Wook Jeong, Jeong Gyu Lee, Yu Hyeon Yi, Young Jin Tak, Seung Hun Lee, Hye Rim Hwang, Eun Ju Park
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2019; 40(3): 176.     CrossRef
• Sex differences in the association between asthma incidence and modifiable risk factors in Korean middle-aged and older adults: NHIS-HEALS 10-year cohort
  Susan Park, Sun-Young Jung, Jin-Won Kwon
  BMC Pulmonary Medicine.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Plasma sphingomyelins increase in pre-diabetic Korean men with abdominal obesity
  Seung-Soon Im, Hyeon Young Park, Jong Cheol Shon, In-Sung Chung, Ho Chan Cho, Kwang-Hyeon Liu, Dae-Kyu Song, Kyoung Heon Kim
  PLOS ONE.2019; 14(3): e0213285.     CrossRef
• Estimating the Cutoff Points of Time-Dependent Risk Factors by Using Joint Modeling of Longitudinal and Time-to-Event Data: A 14-Year Follow-up Study—Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
  Nezhat Shakeri, Fereidoun Azizi
  Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2019; 31(8): 728.     CrossRef
• Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes and Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Cohort Study
  Hyemi Kwon, Yoosoo Chang, Ara Cho, Jiin Ahn, Se Eun Park, Cheol-Young Park, Won-Young Lee, Ki-Won Oh, Sung-Woo Park, Hocheol Shin, Seungho Ryu, Eun-Jung Rhee
  Thyroid.2019; 29(3): 349.     CrossRef
• Trends and Cut-Point Changes in Obesity Parameters by Age Groups Considering Metabolic Syndrome
  Hyung Jun Park, Young Ho Hong, Yun Jung Cho, Ji Eun Lee, Jae Moon Yun, Hyuktae Kwon, Sang Hyuck Kim
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Difference in prostate cancer incidence around sixty years: effects of age and metabolic diseases
  Jin Bong Choi, Jung Ho Kim, Sung‐Hoo Hong, Kyung‐Do Han, U‐Syn Ha
  Cancer Medicine.2018; 7(6): 2736.     CrossRef
• The Association of Low Back Pain with Obesity and Abdominal Obesity among Koreans Aged 50 Years or More
  Eun Young Choi
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2018; 18(3): 119.     CrossRef
• Association between oral health and colorectal adenoma in a screening population
  Donghyoun Lee, Kyung Uk Jung, Hyung Ook Kim, Hungdai Kim, Ho-Kyung Chun
  Medicine.2018; 97(37): e12244.     CrossRef
• An association of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease from a 10-year prospective cohort study
  Ji Hye Huh, Dhananjay Yadav, Jae Seok Kim, Jung-Woo Son, Eunhee Choi, Seong Hwan Kim, Chol Shin, Ki-Chul Sung, Jang Young Kim
  Metabolism.2017; 67: 54.     CrossRef
• Anatomic fat depots and cardiovascular risk: a focus on the leg fat using nationwide surveys (KNHANES 2008–2011)
  Eugene Han, Yong-ho Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, In-Kyu Lee, Bong-Soo Cha
  Cardiovascular Diabetology.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association between Body Weight Changes and Menstrual Irregularity: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010 to 2012
  Kyung Min Ko, Kyungdo Han, Youn Jee Chung, Kun-Ho Yoon, Yong Gyu Park, Seung-Hwan Lee
  Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(2): 248.     CrossRef
• Low muscle mass and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults: findings from the KoGES
  Jang Won Son, Seong Su Lee, Sung Rae Kim, Soon Jib Yoo, Bong Yun Cha, Ho Young Son, Nam H. Cho
  Diabetologia.2017; 60(5): 865.     CrossRef
• Safety and efficacy of a non-contact radiofrequency device for body contouring in Asians
  Dong Hye Suh, Chang Min Kim, Sang Jun Lee, Hyunjoo Kim, Suk Keu Yeom, Hwa Jung Ryu
  Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy.2017; 19(2): 89.     CrossRef
• Arterial stiffness and its association with clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors
  Wanda R. P. Lopes-Vicente, Sara Rodrigues, Felipe X. Cepeda, Camila Paixão Jordão, Valéria Costa-Hong, Akothirene C. B. Dutra-Marques, Jefferson C. Carvalho, Maria Janieire N. N. Alves, Luiz A. Bortolotto, Ivani C. Trombetta
  Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Associations of sitting time and occupation with metabolic syndrome in South Korean adults: a cross-sectional study
  Jin Young Nam, Juyoung Kim, Kyung Hee Cho, Young Choi, Jaewoo Choi, Jaeyong Shin, Eun-Cheol Park
  BMC Public Health.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Associations of Obesity and Dyslipidemia with Intake of Sodium, Fat, and Sugar among Koreans: a Qualitative Systematic Review
  Yoon Jung Kang, Hye Won Wang, Se Young Cheon, Hwa Jung Lee, Kyung Mi Hwang, Hae Seong Yoon
  Clinical Nutrition Research.2016; 5(4): 290.     CrossRef
• Articles in 'Endocrinology and Metabolism' in 2014
  Won-Young Lee
  Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(1): 47.     CrossRef
• Ambient Temperature and Prevalence of Obesity: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Korea
  Hae Kyung Yang, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Kun-Ho Yoon, Bong-Yun Cha, Seung-Hwan Lee, David Meyre
  PLOS ONE.2015; 10(11): e0141724.     CrossRef
• Acupoint Catgut Embedding for Obesity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Taipin Guo, Yulan Ren, Jun Kou, Jing Shi, Sun Tianxiao, Fanrong Liang
  Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2015; 2015: 1.     CrossRef
• Elderly men over 65 years of age with late-onset hypogonadism benefit as much from testosterone treatment as do younger men
  Farid Saad, Aksam Yassin, Ahmad Haider, Gheorghe Doros, Louis Gooren
  Korean Journal of Urology.2015; 56(4): 310.     CrossRef
• Administration of Hwang-Ryun-Haedok-tang, a Herbal Complex, for Patients With Abdominal Obesity: A Case Series
  Seungwon Kwon, WooSang Jung, A Ri Byun, SangKwan Moon, KiHo Cho, KyoungHo Shin
  EXPLORE.2015; 11(5): 401.     CrossRef